User contributions on Wikipedia

- about ①Jin, ②Lady Saso, ③Hyeokgeose, ④Historical people of Park -

(23.04~23.05)

[1]

Jin (Korean state): Revision history

The content of the article after my change :

== Language == [[Alexander Vovin]], among others, suggests that Japonic languages, which he classifies as [[Peninsular Japonic]], were spoken in large parts of southern Korea and [[Jeju Island|Jeju]] before they were replaced by proto-Koreanic languages.<ref>Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". ''Korean Linguistics''. '''15''' (2): 222–240.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Janhunen |first=Juha |date=2010 |title=Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia |journal=Studia Orientalia |number=108|quote=... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.}}</ref> While it is believed that Koreanic/proto-Koreanic and Japonic/proto-Japonic (i.e. Peninsular Japonic) co-existed in the southern Korean Peninsula for an extended period of time,{{sfnp|Janhunen|2010|p=294}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2013|pp=222, 237}}{{sfnp|Unger|2009|p=87}} the establishment of Koreanic speakers and their assimilation of Japonic speakers may have played a role in a [[Yayoi period|Yayoi migration]] to the Japanese archipelago, believed to occurred between 1,000 BC – 300 AD, which overlaps with the period in which Jin is attested.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vovin|first=Alexander|title=Origins of the Japanese Language|url=https://www.academia.edu/35280086|language=en}}</ref>{{sfnp|Serafim|2008|p=98}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitman|first=John|date=2011-12-01|title=Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan|journal=Rice|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=149–158|doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0|issn=1939-8433|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{sfnp|Miyamoto|2016|pp=69–70}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2017}}

Given this overlap, it is possible that, as [[:ja:河野六郎|Kōno Rokurō]] and Vovin suggest was the case with the later Korean kingdom of [[Baekje]] with regards to [[Puyŏ language|Puyŏ languages]] and [[Han languages]],{{sfnp|Vovin|2005|p=119}}{{sfnp|Kōno|1987|pp=84–85}} Jin may have been a bilingual state with regards to Koreanic languages and Peninsular Japonic. [[Alexander Vovin]], among others, suggests that Japonic languages, which he classifies as [[Peninsular Japonic]], were spoken in large parts of southern Korea and [[Jeju Island|Jeju]] before they were replaced by proto-Koreanic languages.<ref>Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". ''Korean Linguistics''. '''15''' (2): 222–240.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Janhunen |first=Juha |date=2010 |title=Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia |journal=Studia Orientalia |number=108|quote=... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.}}</ref> While it is believed that Koreanic/proto-Koreanic and Japonic/proto-Japonic (i.e. Peninsular Japonic) co-existed in the southern Korean Peninsula for an extended period of time,{{sfnp|Janhunen|2010|p=294}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2013|pp=222, 237}}{{sfnp|Unger|2009|p=87}} the establishment of Koreanic speakers and their assimilation of Japonic speakers may have played a role in a [[Yayoi period|Yayoi migration]] to the Japanese archipelago, believed to occurred between 1,000 BC – 300 AD, which overlaps with the period in which Jin is attested.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vovin|first=Alexander|title=Origins of the Japanese Language|url=https://www.academia.edu/35280086|language=en}}</ref>{{sfnp|Serafim|2008|p=98}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitman|first=John|date=2011-12-01|title=Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan|journal=Rice|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=149–158|doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0|issn=1939-8433|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{sfnp|Miyamoto|2016|pp=69–70}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2017}} Given this overlap, it is possible that, as [[:ja:河野六郎|Kōno Rokurō]] and Vovin suggest was the case with the later Korean kingdom of [[Baekje]] with regards to [[Puyŏ language|Puyŏ languages]] and [[Han languages]],{{sfnp|Vovin|2005|p=119}}{{sfnp|Kōno|1987|pp=84–85}} Jin may have been a bilingual state with regards to Koreanic languages and Peninsular Japonic. Korean historian Ki-Moon Lee classified the [[Puyŏ language|Puyŏ languages]] leading to "Goguryo-Baekje-Wa" and the [[Han languages]], the direct ancestor of modern Korean leading to "Gojoseon-Silla.”<ref>Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011), A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN| 978-1-139-49448-9}}, pp. 34–36.</ref> While, Japanese historian Hideto Ito classified the [[Eastern Ye|Ye]] and [[Wa (Japan)|Wa]] into the same language family.<ref>伊藤英人(2021), 「濊倭同系論」, 『KOTONOHA』224 号、古代文字資料館, http://kodaimoji.her.jp/pdf15/yitou224.pdf</ref> ==Archeology== Artifacts of the culture also show some similarities to the [[Yayoi]] people of [[Kyūshū]], Japan.<ref>Kenneth B. Lee, 〈Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix〉, Greenwood Publishing, 1997, pp.23-25</ref> Artifacts of the culture also show some similarities to the [[Yayoi]] people of [[Kyūshū]], Japan.<ref>Kenneth B. Lee, 〈Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix〉, Greenwood Publishing, 1997, pp.23-25</ref> Archaeologically, the northern part of the Korean Peninsula is divided into "Violin-shaped daggers"(비파형동검, 琵琶形銅劍) and the southern part into “Slender daggers”(세형동검, 細形銅剣), but all of them are understood by modern scholars as data proving the southward movement of the Gojoseon. This is because it is a natural historical common sense for the civilized northerners of the Chinese continent to deliver to the southerners of the Korean Peninsula. Both "Violin-shaped daggers" and “Slender daggers” have been classified as [[Liaoning bronze dagger culture]] from a long time ago to today.<ref>박진일 (2022), 삼한의 고고학적 시공간, 진인진, ISBN 9788963475271 / 8963475271.</ref> Jihouming(㠱侯名) bronze artwork was excavated in [[Lower Xiajiadian culture]]. This shows that the narrative of [[Gija Joseon]](箕子朝鮮) in the literature is true.<ref>張博泉, 1984 「從東北出土殷周銅器說起」遼寧文物」總 6期</ref><ref>李治亭主編,2003 「東北通史」(中國邊疆通史叢書), 中州古籍出版社,p.41</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jinho, Park|date=2020 |title=Trend and issue of Lower Xiajiadian culture in China－Focus on study history－|url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002655496|journal=한국학연구 |volume=59|pages=343–372}}</ref> especially, Gija Joseon narrative was occurred in the northern [[Hebei|Hebei Province]]. Hypothesis that Gojoseon was a society with a [[Human sacrifice|‘bury alive with the dead culture’]] was claimed by N.Korean academia. However, the S.Korean academic community opposes the ‘bury alive with the dead culture’ theory, and the S.Korean academic community claims it as a "cemeteries of generational communities or blood ties." However, it is pointed that there is a contradictory descriptions are occurring in the study of [[Differentiation (sociology)|social differentiation]] in [[Bronze Age]], in the S.Korean academic community.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ju-Young, Park |date=2022 |title=A Review of the Gangshang and Loushang : Korean Bronze Age Burial Aspects and its Implications for Social Differentiation Studies |journal=중앙고고연구 |volume=38 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.20292/jcich.2022.38.1}}</ref> Contrary to the claim that the displaced people of [[Gojoseon]] founded [[Silla]], few northern relics have been identified in the southern part of the peninsula. On the other hand, in the northeastern Jin area, the "Jung-do archeological culture," which is determined as a [[Eastern Ye|Ye]]-type culture, is being discovered.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jung-kuk, Park|date=2012 |title=The regionality of Jung-do archeological culture -reassessment on ‘Jung-do cultural assemblage’- |journal=Journal of Central Institute of Cultural Heritage |volume=11 |pages=41-88}}</ref><ref>Aikens, C.M., Zhushchikhovskaya, I.S., Rhee, S.N., 2009, Environment, Ecology, and Interaction in Japan, Korea and the Russian Far East, Asian Perspective, 48(2); 230-239</ref>

My record :

[2]

Lady Saso: Revision history

The content of the article after my change :

Nonetheless, Korean historians have long questioned her origins noting the case of [[Kim Bu-sik]], the [[Goryeo]] bureaucrat whom authored the [[Samguk Sagi]], having been clueless about these "tales and rumors" as he puts it. The Chinese guide Wang Fu (Traditional Chinese: 王黼) of the [[Song dynasty]] explained to Kim Bu-sik who saw the statue of a woman in Wuxingwan (Traditional Chinese: 佑神館) as someone who was "the goddess of [[Korea|your country]] who was a daughter of an old Chinese Emperor that fled East after being suspected of being pregnant without her husband." Kim Bu-sik thought these descriptions strange enough he nor the Korean people back then ever heard of such tales. There is also criticism that these tales are no different from old deifications related to Sinocentrism, claiming false Chinese or unidentified individuals as supposed ancestors as the practice were frequent back then.<ref>三國史記 > 卷第十二新羅本紀第十二 > 敬順王 > 論曰. 新羅朴氏·昔氏皆自卵生, 金氏從天入金樻而降, 或云乗金車. 此尤詭怪, 不可信, 然丗俗相傳, 爲之實事. 政和中, 我朝遣尚書李資諒入宋朝貢, 臣富軾以文翰之任輔行. 詣佑神舘, 見一堂設女仙像. 舘伴學士王黼曰, “此貴國之神, 公等知之乎.” 遂言曰, “古有帝室之女, 不夫而孕, 爲人所疑, 乃泛海, 抵辰韓生子, 爲海東始主. 帝女爲地仙, 長在仙桃山, 此其像也.” 臣又見大宋國信使王襄祭東神聖母文, 有“娠賢肇邦” 之句. 乃知東神則仙桃山神聖者也, 然而不知其子王於何時.</ref>{{Efn|Wang Yang(王襄), the envoy of the [[Song Dynasty]], came to Goryeo as an envoy and offered a ancestral rites to ''Eastern Saint Lady''(東神聖母女), and there was a phrase, "pregnant with ''Wise Saint''(賢聖) and established the country."

However, ''Eastern Saint Lady''(東神聖母女) appears in book named ''[[:ko:고려도경|Goryeo Dogyeong]]''(고려도경/ [[hanja]]:高麗圖經). According to this book, Eastern Saint Temple enshrines [[Lady Yuhwa]] as a god. There is a suspicion that Song historian who told [[Gim Busik|Kim Bu-sik]] a story of Lady Saso could not distinguish Goguryeo from Silla. It's presumed error by the Chinese historian who lacked an understanding of early Korean history and Korean Historian who is been in the blindly following the Chinese opinion.}}

When [[Il-yeon]] built [[Samguk yusa]] in the future, he wrote a legendary addition to the story of Lady Saso, paying attention to Kim Bu-sik's story.<ref>三國遺事 > 卷第五 > 感通第七 > 仙桃聖母隨喜佛事 > 神母夲中國帝室之女. 名娑蘇, 早得神仙之術歸止海東乆而不還. 父皇寄書繫足云. “随鳶所止爲家.” 蘇得書放鳶飛到此山而止. 遂来宅爲地仙. 故名西鳶山. 神母久㩀兹山鎮祐邦國霊異甚多, 有國已来常爲三祀之一, 秩在群望之上. 第五十四景明王好使鷹, 甞登此放鷹而失之. 禱於神母曰, “若得鷹當封爵.” 俄而鷹飛来止机上, 因封爵大王焉. 其始到辰韓也生聖子爲東國始君, 盖赫居·閼英二聖之所自也. 故稱雞龍·雞林·白馬等雞属西故也. 甞使諸天仙織羅緋染作朝衣贈其夫, 國人因此始知神驗. 又國史史臣曰. 軾政和中甞奉使人宋, 詣佑神舘有一堂設女仙像. 舘伴學士王黼曰, “此是貴國之神, 公知之乎.” 遂言曰, “古有中國帝室之女泛海抵辰韓, 生子爲海東始祖, 女爲地仙長在仙桃山, 此其像也. 又大宋國使王襄到我朝祭東神聖母女, 有娠賢肇邦之句.” 今能施金奉佛爲含生開香火作津梁, 豈徒學長生而囿於溟濛者哉.</ref>

However, the first mention of "Gye-Rim (Hangul:계림), Gye (Hangul:계)" is mentioned for the first time in the [[Kim Al-ji]] legend. Not in Hyeokgeose legend. It's an error by the Chinese historian who lacked an understanding of early Korean history. [[Il-yeon]] mentioned in Samgukyusa that she came from the imperial family, not from China.<ref>김성호 (2000년 3월 16일). 《씨성으로 본 한일민족의 기원》. 푸른숲. 239쪽. ISBN 8971842709.</ref> However, [[Il-yeon]]'s record of “came from imperial family” was distorted by Korean pseudo-historical book, [[Hwandan Gogi]] (환단고기/ Hanja: 桓檀古記). According to Hwandan Gogi, which was written during [[Empire of Japan]] time, Hyeokgeose's mother is claimed to be Princess Paso from Buyeo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STB Broadcast, Hyeokgeose's mother Paso is Princess Buyeo |url=https://www.stb.co.kr/?m=bbs&bid=stbfree&p=83&uid=1420 |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=ko}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416062909/https://www.stb.co.kr/?m=bbs&bid=stbfree&p=83&uid=1420}}</ref> According to study, it is [[:ko:이유립|Yi Yu-rip]]’s lie that Gye Yeon-su made pseudo-historic document Hwandan Gogi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jang|first=Shin|date=2020|title=Yi Yu-rib’s Invention of a person named Gye Yeon-su.(捏造記)|journal=Quarterly Review of Korean History|language=ko|volume=115|pages=383–416|doi=10.35865/YWH.2020.03.115.383}}</ref>

My record :

[3]

Hyeokgeose of Silla: Revision history

The content of the article after my change :

His title ''Geoseo-khan'' ([[Hangul]]: 거서간 [[Hanja]]: 居西干) or ''Geoseul-han'' ([[Hangul]]: 거슬한 [[Hanja]]: 居瑟邯), means "king" in the language of the [[Jinhan confederacy]], the group of [[chiefdom]]s in the southeast of the [[Korean Peninsula]].

"Hyeokgeose" was not a [[personal name]], but the ''[[hanja]]'' for his [[honorific name]], pronounced "Bulgeunae" ([[Hangul]]: 불그내; [[Hanja]]: 弗矩内) in archaic Korean, meaning "bright world." 赫 ''hyeok'', a Chinese character that means "bright, radiant, glowing" (from doubling the character for 赤 ''jeok'' "red"), is used to transcribe the Korean adjective stem 븕 ''bylg-'' > 붉 ''bulg-'' "red" (< ancient Korean word for "red; brightly colored; bright"). 居 ''geo'', a Chinese character that means "live, dwell, reside, sit," is used to transcribe the Korean prenominal adjective inflection ㄴ ''-n'' ~ 은 ''-eun'' "~ that is (bright/red), ~ which is (bright/red)." 世 ''se'', a Chinese character that means "generation; world; era," is used to transcribe an ancient word related to the obsolescent Korean word 뉘 ''nuy'' ~ 누리 ''nuri'' "world."<ref>[http://enc.daum.net/dic100/viewContents.do?&m=all&articleID=b08b3735a Daum Encyclopedia] (Korean)</ref><ref>三國遺事 > 因名赫居世王。蓋郷言也。或作弗矩内王。言光明理世也。</ref>

My record :

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cur prev 01:00, 8 April 2023‎ 112.172.112.74 talk‎ 9,404 bytes −3,554‎ distorted sources and ㄱ pronunciation is kh. undo Tag: Visual edit

[4]

Park (Korean surname): Revision history

The content of the article after my change :

==Founding legend== All the Park clans in Korea trace their ancestry back to the first king of [[Silla]], [[Hyeokgeose of Silla|Hyeokgeose]]. According to a [[Korean mythology|legend]], the leaders of the six clans of the [[Jinhan confederacy]] were gathering on a hilltop to choose a king, when they looked down and saw lightning strike at the foot of the Yangsan mountain and a white horse bow at the same place. When they went there to check, they found a red egg, which hatched a baby boy. They bathed the boy in the nearby stream and he was emitting bright light and the sun and the moon rose at the same time, indicating the divine birth of the child. Thus the child was named Hyeokgeose, meaning "ruling with a bright light" and his clan name became Bak or "gourd" after the round shape of the egg he hatched from. At age 13 he was given the title geoseogan (거서간), the equivalent of "king" at the time. The birth legends of early Korean kings were necessary to validate the "divine" nature of their rule.<ref name="folkency" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=121866|title=Pak Hyeokgeose: the founder of the Silla kingdom was respected and courageous|date=September 24, 2014|publisher=Korea.net|access-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref>

According to Yang ju-dong(梁柱東)’s research, both '赫' and '朴' in '朴赫居世’ are repeatedly written with the meaning of 'ᄇᆞᆰ' ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 밝다, [[English language|English]]: Bright)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=安|first=英姬|date=1969|title=「閼英」의 發祥地「閼川」名義考|url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01144830|journal=아시아여성연구|volume=8|pages=139–155|via=[[Nurimedia|DBpia]]}} … “이에 관하여 梁柱東博士는 「朴赫居世」의 「赫」을 「朴」의 註記로 보고 「朴」과 「赫」은 둘다 「ᄇᆞᆰ」의 表記로 疊記된 것으로 보았다.(2) [...] (1) 梁柱東「國史古語彙借字原義考〈國號•地名•始祖•官名•祭政•歌樂名등〉」(明大論文集 1), 1968, pp. 79~89參考[...] (2) 梁柱東, 註1書 p. 82參考”</ref> According to Samguk Sagi, the [[Jin (Korean state)|Jin people]] called gourd as "park", and the first large egg looked similar to the shape of the gourd, so his last name become Park(朴).

In [[Jeju Island|Jeju]] Island, [[Haenyeo|underwater diver]] used gourd as a [[buoy]] when collecting clams or kind of seafood.

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Jeju Cultural Dictionary > Tewak(테왁) |url=http://jeju.grandculture.net/jeju/toc/GC00702447 |access-date=2023-04-10|language=ko}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sea Man of the Joseon Dynasty, Pojakin(鮑作人) |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Opinion/article/all/20200710/101904214/1 |access-date=2023-04-10 |language=ko}}</ref>

<ref> [[Samguk Sagi]](三國史記) > 始祖赫居世居西 > 辰人謂瓠爲朴以初大卵如瓠故以朴爲姓居西干辰言王</ref>

The customs of Jeju Island are different from the Joseon. This shows that the ethnic groups of Joseon and Jeju Island are completely different.

<ref>[[Donggukyeojiseungram]](新增東國輿地勝覽) > 又於春秋男女群聚廣壤堂、遮歸堂，具酒肉祭神。又地多蛇虺蜈蚣，若見灰色蛇，則以爲遮歸之神，禁不殺。Translation : In spring and autumn, men and women gather in groups at Gwangyangdang(廣壤堂) and Chagwidang(遮歸堂) to offer alcohol and meat to the gods. There are many snakes, poisonous snakes, and gines in the land, and if you see a gray snake, it is prohibited not to kill it because it is the god of Chagwi(遮歸).</ref>

<ref>Haedongjobrok(海東雜錄) > 本朝[二] > 金淨傳 > 冲庵風土錄云。俗甚忌蛇。奉以爲神。見則呪酒。不敢驅殺。春秋男女具酒食。會遮歸堂。祭其神。遮歸旣蛇鬼之誤。居壁樑礎。群蛇盤結。祭時以不見爲祥。Translation : According to Chungam(冲庵)'s 『The Customs of Jeju(風土錄)』, "The custom took the snake and regarded it as a god." When people see a snake, people says a spell, serves alcohol, and doesn't try to kick it out or kill it. In spring and autumn, men and women prepare alcohol and food and gather at Chagwidang(遮歸堂) to worship the god. Chagwi(遮歸) is a misrepresentation of the Sagui(蛇鬼, meaning snake oni). There are several snakes, regardless of the walls, beams, and foundations of the house, but what is invisible at the time of the ritual was considered a good sign.</ref>

<ref>[[Yi Ik (born 1681)|Seonghosaseol]](星湖僿說) > 島民尤尚滛祠如濟州無村無祠守者厚利故官稅亦重李參議衡祥悉焚之民皆驚恐其還皆謂必溺及其利涉莫不疑恠。Translation : The islanders especially worship the devil's ancestral rites(淫祀), and Jeju has no village without the devil's shrine. Since the person who manages shrine had a lot of profits, so collected a lot of taxes from shrine. When bureaucrat(參議) Yi Hyung-sang(李衡祥) burned shrine all, everyone was frightened and afraid. When Yi Hyung-sang went back to peninsular, everyone said he would definitely drown, but when he crossed the sea safely, all Jeju residents wondered and thought it strange.</ref>

During the [[Unified Silla]] the Miryang Bak Clan, along with Gimhae Gim clan became the most prominent of the aristocracy, based on the [[bone rank system]]. Within the bone rank system, the two clans of Gimhae Gims and Miryang Baks were considered the most Jingol, or "True Bone". As Seong gol, or Divine bones died out through intermarriage, these two clans became the dominant noble houses on the peninsula following the conquest of rival dynasties. After the fall of Silla, it continued as a major noble house of [[Goryeo]]. During the [[Goryeo dynasty]], many of the people who passed the highest-level state examination, which was implemented to recruit ranking officials during the Goryeo dynasty, were Parks. The first General to defeat the Mongols in world history was General Park Seo, who commanded the successful defense of the fortress of Guju in 1231 against the forces led by Mongol General {{ill|Salitai|zh|撒里台}}. During [[Joseon dynasty]], Parks continued to thrive as one of the main [[Yangban]] households. With the [[Gabo Reform]] of 1894, when the caste system was abolished, some peasants adopted the surname of Park, bloating the population of the Park family. Simultaneously with the abolition of the [[Gwageo]] national service examination, the Yangban system came to an end. During the Japanese Occupation Period, three of the ten [[:ko:귀족원 (일본)#조선인 귀족원 의원|Korean aristocrats]] admitted into [[:ko:일본 제국의회|Japanese House of Peers]] were of the Park Clan.

===Historical people=== *[[Bak An-sin]] (1369–1447), scholar-official of the Joseon Dynasty * General [[Park Seo]] (Defeated the Mongol Army of Sartak at [[Siege of Kusong|Battle of Kusong 1231]]) *[[Bak Gyusu]] (1807–1877), scholar-bureaucrat, teacher, politician, and a diplomat of the Joseon Dynasty * Park Soon [[:ko:박순 (고려)]] (?-1402). Military subordinate to [[Taejo of Joseon]]. Accompanied Taejo in all military campaigns from the anti-Japanese pirate campaigns in the south to Liaodong invasion of 1388. Personally delivered the message of Redeployment from [[Wihwado]] to [[King Ui]] of Goryeo in behalf of Taejo. Was appointed the high commander of Joseon Army following the founding of the dynasty. Killed during the Northeastern Rebellion of 1398 [[:ko:조사의의 난]] *[[Bak Jiwon (born 1737)|Bak Jiwon]] (1737-1805), philosopher and novelist in the late Joseon dynasty *[[Pak Paeng-nyeon]] (1417–1456) was a scholar-official of the early Joseon Dynasty, and is known as one of the [[six martyred ministers]]. He was born to a yangban family of the Suncheon Pak lineage, and was the son of high minister Pak Jeongrim. He joined in a plot to overthrow Sejo and restore Danjong in 1456, but the plot was uncovered through the betrayal of fellow plotter Kim Jil. Sejo admired Pak's abilities and offered to pardon him if he were to deny his involvement and acknowledge Sejo as his king. Park died in prison from torture. Revered as a model of Confucian Loyalty. Alone among the six martyred ministers to have a surviving male descendant. One of his female servant passed off his youngest son as her own, thereby ensuring the family name. All other family and relatives were executed. *[[Bak Jungyang]] (1872-1959), Korean Joseon and [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese-ruled Korean]] bureaucrat, politician, liberal and social activist *Park Joong Seon [[:ko:박중선]] (1435–1481) Passed the National Military Service Exam with the highest score in 1460 at the age of 35. Held in high esteem by the new King [[Sejo]] for his excellent riding and archery skills, frequently accompanying the king as his personal body guard on hunts. Married off his daughter to the Crown Prince in 1366, becoming an in-law of the King. In 1367, appointed a Provincial General to put down the Northeastern Rebellion, earning further accolades becoming the youngest Minister of Defense in Joseon history. *[[Bak Seo-saeng]], civil minister, diplomat and ambassador in the early Joseon Dynasty period *[[Park Jin]] (1560–1597) Served in the military intelligence following his passing of the national military service exam. Transferred to Infantry 4 years before the Japanese Invasion of 1592. Defeated by the Japanese at the Battle of Miryang (Clan home), before regaining his honor in follow on victories, including the battle of Yeongcheon and the Second Battle of Gyeongju. Was instrumental in convincing Sayaga, the highest ranking Samurai General of the invasion force to surrender. In 1597, near the end of the war, a Ming Chinese General 누승선(婁承先) accused him falsely of disobeying official order, tortured him, resulting in his death. Korean investigators confirmed broken ribs and sternum on his body. *[[Bak Yeon]] (1378-1458), government official, scholar, astronomer and musician in the early [[Joseon Dynasty]] period *Park Yeon (박연) (1595– after 1666). [[Jan Janse de Weltevree]], after his 1627 shipwreck, was drowned to Jeju Island and was not allowed to leave Korea. Thus he adopted a Korean name. *[[Bak Yeong-gyu]] (?-970), [[Silla]] general and one of the warlords in the [[Later Three Kingdoms]] period *[[Pak Je-ga|Pak Jega]] (1750–1815) was a Korean Scholar of Practical Learning [[Silhak]] who advocated modern commercial reformation for Joseon dynasty after visiting China on official capacity. A strong critic of the Confucian scholars first mentality, he was banished to the provinces in 1805. *[[Pak Je-ga]], scholar of [[Silhak]] in the late Joseon Dynasty *[[Park Gyu-su]] 박규수 (1807–1877). He passed the national service exam in 1848, and as an inspector, put down the 1862 Peasant Rebellion in [[Jinju]], reducing the tax burden and punishing the corrupt official of the city. As the Inspector General of Pyeong An Province in 1866, when USS General Sherman [[General Sherman Incident]] made its expedition into Pyeong Yang, ordered the attack on the ship when the sailors began attacking and looting the populace, resulting in the burning and sinking of the ship. Also a geographer, cartographer, and poet in the classical style. Became a notable member of the modernization movement in late Joseon until his death in 1877. *[[Pak Paeng-nyeon]] (1417–1456), scholar-official of the Joseon Dynasty, known as one of the [[six martyred ministers]] * Park Jeong Yang [[:ko:박정양]] (1842–1905) was the First Ambassador of Joseon to the United States in 1887, and a member of Kim Hong Jip cabinet. *[[Park Chung-hee]] (1917-1979), South Korean politician and army general who served as President of South Korea from 1961 until his [[Assassination of Park Chung-hee|assassination]] in 1979 *{{ill|Park Do-yu|ko|박도유}} (?-670), general and aristocrat during the reign of [[Munmu of Silla|King Munmu of Silla]] *{{ill|Park Jeong Yang|ko|박정양}} (1842–1905), civil servant, diplomat, Prime Minister and first ambassador to the United States during the late Joseon Dynasty *{{ill|Park Joong Seon|ko|박중선}} (1435–1481), military official in the mid Joseon Dynasty *[[Park Mun-su]] (1691-1756), government official in the period of [[Yeongjo of Joseon|King Yeongjo]] in the Joseon dynasty *{{ill|Park Qin|ko|박진 (1560년)}} (1560–1597), military official and soldier in the mid Joseon Dynasty *{{ill|Park Seo|ko|박문성 (고려)}}, military official in the late [[Goryeo Dynasty]] *[[Park Seo-yang]] (1885-1940), Korean early modern surgeon, doctor, chemist, and independence activist *{{ill|Park Si-hyung|jp|朴時亨}} (1910-2001), North Korean historian *{{ill|Park Soon|ko|박순 (고려)}} (?-1402), military general and politician in the late Goryeo Dynasty and early Joseon Dynasty *[[Park Tae-joon]] (1927–2011), South Korean business tycoon, war hero, political leader, and philanthropist *{{ill|Park Un-chang|ko|박언창}} (?-929?), 5th son of [[Gyeongmyeong of Silla|King Gyeongmyeong]], 54th monarch of Silla during the [[Later Three Kingdoms]] period, and the first king of Husabeol *[[Jan Jansz Weltevree|Park Yeon]] (born Jan Jansz Weltevree) (1595–?), Dutch sailor and government official during the Joseon Dinasty *{{ill|Park Yeong-in|ko|박영인}} (also known as Masami Kuni) (1908-2007), Korean-American dancer who acted as an intelligence agent for Japan while performing in [[Nazi Germany]] ==Notable people of the recent times==

My record :

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Content of the page :

Founding legend

All the Park clans in Korea trace their ancestry back to the first king of Silla, Hyeokgeose. According to a legend, the leaders of the six clans of the Jinhan confederacy were gathering on a hilltop to choose a king, when they looked down and saw lightning strike at the foot of the Yangsan mountain and a white horse bow at the same place. When they went there to check, they found a red egg, which hatched a baby boy. They bathed the boy in the nearby stream and he was emitting bright light and the sun and the moon rose at the same time, indicating the divine birth of the child. Thus the child was named Hyeokgeose, meaning "ruling with a bright light" and his clan name became Bak or "gourd" after the round shape of the egg he hatched from. At age 13 he was given the title geoseogan (거서간), the equivalent of "king" at the time. The birth legends of early Korean kings were necessary to validate the "divine" nature of their rule.^[2]^[3]

According to Yang ju-dong(梁柱東)’s research, both '赫' and '朴' in '朴赫居世’ are repeatedly written with the meaning of 'ᄇᆞᆰ' (Korean: 밝다, English: Bright)^[4]

According to Samguk Sagi, the Jin people called gourd as "park", and the first large egg looked similar to the shape of the gourd, so his last name become Park(朴). In Jeju Island, underwater diver used gourd as a buoy when collecting clams or kind of seafood.^[5]^[6]^[7] The customs of Jeju Island are different from the Joseon. This shows that the ethnic groups of Joseon and Jeju Island are different.^[8]^[9]^[10]

[3] "Pak Hyeokgeose: the founder of the Silla kingdom was respected and courageous". Korea.net. September 24, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
^[4] 安, 英姬 (1969). "「閼英」의 發祥地「閼川」名義考". 아시아여성연구. 8: 139–155 – via DBpia. … “이에 관하여 梁柱東博士는 「朴赫居世」의 「赫」을 「朴」의 註記로 보고 「朴」과 「赫」은 둘다 「ᄇᆞᆰ」의 表記로 疊記된 것으로 보았다.(2) [...] (1) 梁柱東「國史古語彙借字原義考〈國號•地名•始祖•官名•祭政•歌樂名등〉」(明大論文集 1), 1968, pp. 79~89參考[...] (2) 梁柱東, 註1書 p. 82參考”
^[5] "Digital Jeju Cultural Dictionary > Tewak(테왁)" (in Korean). Retrieved April 10, 2023.
^[6] "The Sea Man of the Joseon Dynasty, Pojakin(鮑作人)" (in Korean). Retrieved April 10, 2023.
^[7] Samguk Sagi(三國史記) > 始祖赫居世居西 > 辰人謂瓠爲朴以初大卵如瓠故以朴爲姓居西干辰言王
^[8] Donggukyeojiseungram(新增東國輿地勝覽) > 又於春秋男女群聚廣壤堂、遮歸堂，具酒肉祭神。又地多蛇虺蜈蚣，若見灰色蛇，則以爲遮歸之神，禁不殺。 Translation : In spring and autumn, men and women gather in groups at Gwangyangdang(廣壤堂) and Chagwidang(遮歸堂) to offer alcohol and meat to the gods. There are many snakes, poisonous snakes, and gines in the land, and if you see a gray snake, it is prohibited not to kill it because it is the god of Chagwi(遮歸).
^[9] Haedongjobrok(海東雜錄) > 本朝[二] > 金淨傳 > 冲庵風土錄云。俗甚忌蛇。奉以爲神。見則呪酒。不敢驅殺。春秋男女具酒食。會遮歸堂。祭其神。遮歸旣蛇鬼之誤。居壁樑礎。群蛇盤結。祭時以不見爲祥。 Translation : According to Chungam(冲庵)'s 『The Customs of Jeju(風土錄)』, "The custom took the snake and regarded it as a god." When people see a snake, people says a spell, serves alcohol, and doesn't try to kick it out or kill it. In spring and autumn, men and women prepare alcohol and food and gather at Chagwidang(遮歸堂) to worship the god. Chagwi(遮歸) is a misrepresentation of the Sagui(蛇鬼, meaning snake oni). There are snakes, everywhere of the house, but what is invisible at the time of the ritual was considered a good sign.
[10] Seonghosaseol(星湖僿說) > 島民尤尚滛祠如濟州無村無祠守者厚利故官稅亦重李參議衡祥悉焚之民皆驚恐其還皆謂必溺及其利涉莫不疑恠。 Translation : The islanders especially worship the devil's ancestral rites(淫祀), and Jeju has no village without the devil's shrine. Since the person who manages shrine had a lot of profits, so collected a lot of taxes from shrine. When bureaucrat(參議) Yi Hyung-sang(李衡祥) burned shrine all, everyone was frightened and afraid. When Yi Hyung-sang went back to peninsular, everyone said he would definitely drown, but when he crossed the sea safely, all Jeju residents wondered and thought it strange.

"日本書紀巻第六". seisaku.bz. 720. Retrieved May 17, 2019.

"新撰姓氏録". eonet.jp. 815. Retrieved June 12, 2019.

Historical people

Park Do-yu [ko] (?-671) : He was appointed as the commander of Hanseong(漢城, today's Seoul) in 668 as an aristocrat of Silla. He attempted a rebellion against the Tang and Silla in cooperation with Buyeo Yung of the Ungjin Commandery, but failed in 671. His wife was from Baekje aristocrat. He and the Baekje people married for reconciliation between the Tang Dynasty, Baekje, and Silla.^[15]^[16]

Park Ar(朴漁) (?-?) : He exiled from Balhae to Goryeo in 925. 13 years later Park seng(朴承) exiled from Balhae to Goryeo in 938. According to Balhae History Book(渤海國志長編) written by jīn yùfú(金毓黻), Park is one of the 49 surnames of Balhae.

Bak Yeong-gyu (?-970) : Aristocrats of South Jeolla Province during late Silla period. He is one of the warlords in Later Three Kingdomsperiod. He became the son-in-law of Gyeon Hwon(甄萱), who is Later Baekje warlord.

Park Un-chang [ko] (後沙伐王朴彦昌)(?-929?) : He is the king of the Later Sabeol（Hangul: 후사벌 / Hanja: 後沙伐）(919?–929?) in Late Silla period. However, the records do not appear in the Samguk sagi. He often appears in other records such as geography. It seems to have been distorted and disappeared from the record. His tomb is in Sangju.

Park Yang-yu (?-?) : A diplomatic official of Goryeo. He also went to the Liao dynasty with Seo Hui in 993. It is also seen that he continues to participate in negotiations with the latter.

Park Dong-ju(朴東柱) (?-?) : He contribute to the writing of Samguk Sagi. It is recorded that he won first place(壯元) in the Gwageo test(乙科) in 1130 which is Korean version of Imperial examination.^[17]^[18]

Park Seo [ko] (?-?) : In 1231, He defeated the Mongol Army of Salitai [zh] (Mongolian: ᠰᠠᠷᠢᠳᠠᠭ) at Battle of Kuju castle. He defended the castle for a month. Therefore, the Mongol Army bypassed the castle and attacked the Goryeo capital directly, and then signed a peace. By the decision of the central government, the Kuju castle also surrender. Later, a Mongolian envoy came and tried to kill Park Seo. At that time, Goryeo military regime leader Choe U(崔瑀) informed this in advance, and Park Seo returned to his hometown. Later, he was renamed as Park Mun-seong(朴文成). He returned to Goryeo goverment in 1234.

Park heng(朴恒) (1227-1281) : Mongol invasions of Japan(1274,1281)

Park Soon [ko](朴淳) (?-1402): Military subordinate to Taejo of Joseon. Accompanied Taejo in all military campaigns from the anti-Japanese pirate campaigns in the south to Liaodong invasion of 1388. Personally delivered the message of Redeployment from Wihwado to King U of Goryeo in behalf of Taejo. Was appointed the high commander of Joseon Army following the founding of the dynasty. Killed during the Northeastern Rebellion of Zho Sa-Yi [ko](1398-1402)

Bak Yeon(朴然) (1378-1458) : He was a government official, scholar, astronomer and phonetics in the Early Joseon Dynasty period, who created Korean Armillary sphere, Korean water clock and Korean sundial along with Jang Yeong-sil(蔣英實). He made five basic sounds(Gung, Sang, Gak, Chi, Wu), which corresponds to five consonant groups (Aeum, Seoreum, Suneum, Chieum, Hueum) in Hunminjeongeum(Hangul: 훈민정음).

Bak An-sin (1369–1447) : Scholar-official of the Joseon Dynasty

Bak Seo-saeng (?-?) : He was a one of the Korean Six Ministries in the 15th century. He learned confucianism from Gil Jae(吉再). He visited Ashikaga shogunate in 1428 through a Joseon Tongsinsa, a diplomat system of Joseon.

Pak Paeng-nyeon (1417–1456) : He was a scholar-official of the early Joseon Dynasty, and is known as one of the six martyred ministers. He was born to a yangban family of the Suncheon Pak clan lineage, and was the son of high minister Pak Jeongrim. He joined in a plot to overthrow Sejo and restore Danjong in 1456, but the plot was uncovered through the betrayal of fellow plotter Kim Jil. Sejo admired Pak's abilities and offered to pardon him if he were to deny his involvement and acknowledge Sejo as his king. Park died in prison from torture. Revered as a model of Confucian Loyalty. Alone among the six martyred ministers to have a surviving male descendant. One of his female servant passed off his youngest son as her own, thereby ensuring the family name. All other family and relatives were executed.

Park Joong Seon [ko](朴仲善) (1435–1481) : Passed the National Military Service Exam with the highest score in 1460 at the age 25. Held in high esteem by the new King Sejo for his excellent riding and archery skills, frequently accompanying the king as his personal body guard on hunts. Married off his daughter to the Crown Prince in 1466, becoming an in-law of the King at age 31.^[19] In 1467, appointed a Provincial General to put down the Northeastern Rebellion of Yi Si-ae, earning further accolades becoming the youngest Minister of Defense in Joseon history at age 32.

Park Qin [ko] (1560–1597) : Served in the military intelligence following his passing of the national military service exam. Transferred to Infantry 4 years before the Japanese Invasion of 1592. Defeated by the Japanese at the Battle of Miryang(Clan home), before regaining his honor in follow on victories, including the battle of Yeongcheon and the Second Battle of Gyeongju. Was instrumental in convincing Sayaga, the highest ranking Samurai General of the invasion force to surrender.[20] In 1597, near the end of the war, a MingChinese General Mo Chengxian(Chinese: 婁承先) accused him falsely of disobeying official order, tortured him, resulting in his death. Korean investigators confirmed broken ribs and sternum on his body.

Park Yeon (or Jan Janse de Weltevree) (1595– after 1666) : First Dutchman to visit Korea. After his 1627 shipwreck, was drowned to Jeju Island and was not allowed to leave Korea. Thus he adopted a Korean name. Wonsan Park clan is his descendent. He met Hendrick Hamel and interacted with him. He is recorded in "Hamel's Journal and a Description of the Kingdom of Korea, 1653-1666".

Park Mun-su (1691-1756) : Secret royal inspector(암행어사/暗行御史) of Joseon. government official in the period of Yeongjo in the Joseon dynasty

Bak Jiwon (1737-1805) : He wrote Yeonamjip [ko](燕巖集) and The Jehol Diary(熱河日記), one of the representative works of late Joseon society. He is an early Silhak scholar. Existing Joseon's Yangban class considered non-Chinesetic writing to be uncivilized and rejected it. But, he did an ideological revolt against the custom of keeping this Chinese tradition. This ideological revolt had a great influence in the late Joseon Dynasty and relieved the social pressure of intellectuals with knowledge of Chinese character. More than half of all books published in the Joseon Dynasty were published after the non-Chinesetic writing revolt of Bak Jiwon. He was a teacher of Pak Jega.^[21]

Pak Jega (1750–1815) : He was a Korean Scholar of Practical Learning Silhak who advocated modern commercial reformation for Joseon dynasty after visiting China on official capacity. A strong critic of the Confucian scholars first mentality, he was banished to the provinces in 1805. He wrote the books, each names are Learning from the North [ko](北學議) and Martial Arts of Joseon(武藝圖譜通志).

Park Gyu-su (1807–1877) : He passed the national service exam in 1848, and as an inspector, put down the 1862 Peasant Rebellion in Jinju, reducing the tax burden and punishing the corrupt official of the city. As the Inspector General of Pyongyang Province in 1866, when USS General Sherman General Sherman Incident made its expedition into Pyongyang, ordered the attack on the ship when the sailors began attacking and looting the populace, resulting in the burning and sinking of the ship. Also a geographer, cartographer, and poet in the classical style. Became a notable member of the modernization movement in late Joseon until his death in 1877. He produced an oriental astronomical map named Ganpeongyi [ko](簡平義).

Park Jeong Yang [ko] (1842–1905) : He was the First Ambassador of Joseon to the United States in 1887, and a member of Kim Hong-jip cabinet.

Park Seo-yang (1885-1940) : He was a Korean early modern surgeon, doctor, chemist, and independence activist from a Beakjeong class(白丁). He became the first Western-style doctor in the late Joseon Dynasty and one of Korea's first professors at a junior college through study after the abolition of the Joseon's status system. His ancestor was probably enslaved during the Goryeo or Joseon period.

Bak Jungyang (1872-1959) : He was a Korean Joseon and Japanese-ruled Korean bureaucrat, politician and social activist. All his property was confiscated according to the Special law to redeem pro-Japanese collaborators' property.

Park Yeong-in [ko] (or Masami Kuni) (1908-2007) : He is a Korean dancer who worked in Japan and Germany. He performed in Germany, and at the same time served as an intelligence agent of Japan.

Park Si-hyung [jp] (1910-2001) : He is an academic authority who has made great contributions to the development of North Korean history. He was a scholar of the Institute of History of the North Korean Academy(朝鮮社会科学院歴史研究所). He played an important role in the study of Balhae history, Joseon's oriental Allodial System, and the Gwanggaeto's monument. He started studying Korean history under a Japanese historian at Keijo Imperial University(京城帝国大学). He is a representative historian of N.Korea like Yi Pyong-do in S.Korea.

Park Chung-hee (1962-1979) : 3rd President of S.Korea. South Korean politician and army general who served as President of South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979.

Park Tae-joon (1927–2011): Founder & Chairman of POSCO. participated in Korean War. 29th Prime Minister of S.Korea. but, when he stepped down as prime minister in 2000, he donated all his assets, including his house, and did not own any POSCO shares. He said "POSCO is a company with a soul that cannot be counted by money. I only founded POSCO by sacrificing my life to the country and people, but how can I do something that takes money after sacrificing my life?"^[22]^[23]

[15] Samguk sagi(三國史記) > 新羅本紀 > 文武王 > 至緫章元年, 百濟於盟㑹處, 移封易標, 侵取田地, 該我奴婢, 誘我百姓, 隱藏内地, 頻從索取, 至竟不還. 又通消息云, ‘國家修理舩艘, 外託征伐倭國, 其實欲打新羅.’百姓聞之, 驚懼不安. 又將百濟婦女, 嫁與新羅漢城都督朴都儒, 同謀合計, 偷取新羅兵器, 襲打一州之地, 賴得事覺, 即斬都儒, 所謀不成.
[16] Samguk sagi(三國史記) > 新羅本紀 > 文武王 > 麟德二年, 與新羅王㑹熊津城, 刑白馬以盟. 仁軌爲盟辭, 乃作金書鐡契, 藏新羅廟中, 盟辭見新羅紀中. 仁願等還, 隆畏衆㩗散, 亦歸京師. 儀鳳中, 以隆爲熊津都督·帶方郡王, 遣歸國, 安輯餘衆. 仍移安東都護府於新城以統之. 時新羅強, 隆不敢入舊國, 寄理髙句麗死. 武后又以其孫敬襲王, 而其地已爲新羅·渤海·靺鞨所分, 國系遂絶.
[17] Samguk Sagi(三國史記) > 跋文 > 叅考, 儒林郎·前國學學正臣朴東柱(Park Dong-ju)
[18] Goryeosa > 고려사 권73 지27 선거1 > 고려 인종 8년 4월(1130)
[19] Early marriage was a common social phenomenon in Joseon dynasty(1392~1897) untill Gabo Reform(1894).
[20] There are various theories.
[21] Korean Wikipedia version (Bak Jiwon)
[22] "Park Tae-joon, chairman of Pohang Steel(POSCO), is the state-maker who created today's Republic of Korea". www.chosun.com (in Korean). Retrieved April 17, 2023.
[23] Korean Wikipedia version (Park Tae-joon)

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