Vocabulary study (2024-04-04) -1

EN-EN Vocabulary

☑︎  effective / ɪˈfɛk tɪv, iˈfɛk‐ / (adj.) to have something as result 
producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result

: late 14c., "serving to effect the intended purpose," from Old French effectif, from Latin effectivus "productive, effective," from effect-, stem of efficere "work out, accomplish" (see effect (n.)). Of military forces, "fit for action or duty," from 1680s.

• Aspirin is a simple but highly effective treatment.
• Some people believe that violence is an effective way of protesting.
• I admire the effective use of colour in her paintings.
• The system has proved less effective than hoped.

☑︎  confidence / ˈkɒn fɪ dəns / (n.) the feeling that you are sure about your own beliefs or abilities 

c. 1400, "assurance or belief in the good will, veracity, etc. of another," from Old French confidence or directly from Latin confidentia, from confidentem(nominative confidens) "firmly trusting, bold," present participle of confidere"to have full trust or reliance," from assimilated form of com, here perhaps an intensive prefix (see com-), + fidere "to trust" (from PIE root *bheidh- "to trust, confide, persuade").

From mid-15c. as "reliance on one's own powers, resources, or circumstances, self-assurance." Meaning "certainty of a proposition or assertion, sureness with regard to a fact" is from 1550s. Meaning "a secret, a private communication" is from 1590s. The connection with swindling (see con (adj.)) dates to mid-19c. and comes from the notion of the false "trustworthiness" which is the key to the game.

• people with confidence usually make better public speakers because they feel very comfortable standing in front of a lot of people.

☑︎  appreciate / əˈpri ʃiˌeɪt / (v.) to make someone admire and respect you 

1650s, "to esteem or value highly," from Late Latin appretiatus, past participle of appretiare "to set a price to," from ad "to" (see ad-) + pretium "price" (see price (n.)). The meaning "to rise in value" (intransitive) is by 1787; the sense of "be fully conscious of" is by 1833. "Appreciate is to set a just value on; it implies the use of wise judgment or delicate perception" [Century Dictionary]. Related: Appreciated; appreciating.

☑︎  lead to / lid tʊ/ (adj.) producing the result that is wanted or intended 

: "to guide," Old English lædan (transitive) "cause to go with oneself; march at the head of, go before as a guide, accompany and show the way; carry on; sprout forth, bring forth; pass (one's life)," causative of liðan "to travel," from Proto-Germanic *laidjanan (source also of Old Saxon lithan, Old Norse liða "to go," Old High German ga-lidan "to travel," Gothic ga-leiþan "to go"), from PIE *leit- (2) "to go forth."

Of roads, c. 1200. Meaning "to be in first place" is from late 14c. Intransitive sense, "act the part of a leader," is from 1570s. Sense in card playing, "to commence a round or trick," is from 1670s. Meaning "take the directing part in a musical performance or prayer" is from 1849. Related: Led; leading.

To lead with one's chin "leave oneself vulnerable in a contest" (1946) is a figure from boxing. To lead on "entice to advance" is from 1590s. To figuratively lead (someone) by the nose "guide by persuasion" is from 1580s, from draught animals (earlier lead by the sleeve, early 15c.). To lead (someone) a dance "compel through a course of irksome actions" is from 1520s.

• Soon enough, comments about today's weather will lead to other people's weather stories about getting stuck in the rain or trying to stay cool during last week's high of 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Weather may lead to more interesting topics like summer fashion or winter foods. Once we have a common interest, a friendship can begin. 
• Effective small talk can make that first impression get you the job. Small talk is equally important after you are hired. In fact, research demonstrates that just five minutes of small talk can lead to more successful business deals. 

☑︎  select (v.) to choose someone or something from similar people or things 

: 1560s, "chosen on account of special excellence or fitness," from Latin selectus, past participle of seligere "choose out, single out, select; separate, cull," from se- "apart" (see se-) + legere "to gather, select" (from PIE root *leg- (1) "to collect, gather").

"Carefully picked," hence "choice, of special excellence" (by 1580s). Related: Selectly; selectness. The noun meaning "a selected person or thing, that which is choice" is recorded from c. 1600.

☑︎  stranger / ˈstreɪn dʒər / (n.) a person you do not know

late 14c., straunger, "unknown person, foreigner, one who comes from another country," from strange + -er (1) or else from Old French estrangier "foreigner" (Modern French étranger), from estrange. Latin used the adjective extraneus as a noun to mean "stranger."

By 15c. as "not a citizen of a nation, not a member of a religious group, craft, family, etc." The English noun never picked up the secondary sense of the adjective. Also from late 14c. as "traveler, transient," As a form of address to an unknown person, it is recorded from 1817, American English rural colloquial. The meaning "one who has stopped visiting" (often with reminder to not be one) is recorded from 1520s.

☑︎  demonstrate / ˈdɛm ənˌstreɪt / (v.) to enjoy or to understand the value of someone or something 

1550s, "point out, indicate, exhibit," a sense now obsolete, from Latin demonstratus, past participle of demonstrare "point out, indicate, demonstrate," figuratively, "prove, establish," from de- "entirely" (see de-) + monstrare "point out, show," from monstrum"divine omen, wonder" (see monster), and compare demonstration.

The meaning "point out or establish the truth of by argument or deduction" is from 1570s. The sense of "describe and explain scientifically by specimens or experiment" is from 1680s. The meaning "take part in a public demonstration in the name of some political or social cause" is by 1888. Related: Demonstrated; demonstrating.

Latin also had commonstrare "point out, reveal," praemonstrare "show beforehand, foretell."

☑︎  compliment / noun ˈkɒm plə mənt; verb ˈkɒm pləˌmɛnt / : (n.v.) to praise or express admiration for someone

"act or expression of civility, respect, or regard" (or, as Johnson defines it, "An act, or expression of civility, usually understood to include some hypocrisy, and to mean less than it declares"), 1570s, complement, ultimately from Latin complementum "that which fills up or completes" (see complement, which is essentially the same word), the notion being "that which completes the obligations of politeness."

The spelling of this derived sense shifted in English after c. 1650 to compliment, via French compliment (17c.), which is from Italian complimento "expression of respect and civility," from complire "to fill up, finish, suit, compliment," from Vulgar Latin *complire, for Latin complere "to complete" (see complete (adj.)).

By early 19c. the meaning had been extended to "an expression of praise or admiration. Meaning "a present or favor bestowed, a complimentary gift" is from 1722.

☑︎  offensive / əˈfɛn sɪv or, for 4, 5, ˈɔ fɛn-, ˈɒf ɛn- / (adj.) unpleasant or insulting 

1540s, "used in attack, attacking;" 1570s, "insulting, causing or giving displeasure," from French offensif (16c.) and directly from Medieval Latin offensivus, from Latin offens-, past-participle stem of offendere "offend" (see offend). Sense of "disgusting, disagreeable" (of odors, taste, etc.) is from 1590s. Related: Offensively; offensiveness.

• How can you make small talk lead to a new friendship, job, or promotion? Compliment the other person to make him or her feel comfortable and ask questions to show interest: "Oh, you've been to Paris?" Don't do al the talking and avoid saying anything offensive that might make the other person feel awkward.
• - tell (offensive) jokes - : you never tell offensive jokes that can make them feel uncomfortable

☑︎  impress / verb ɪmˈprɛs; noun ˈɪm prɛs / (v.) to show clearly that something exists or is true 

late 14c., "have a strong effect on the mind or heart, to stamp deeply in the mind," from Latin impressus, past participle of imprimere "press into or upon, stamp," also figurative, from assimilated form of in- "into, in, on, upon" (from PIE root *en "in") + premere "to press, hold fast, cover, crowd, compress" (from PIE root *per- (4) "to strike"). Literal sense of "to apply with pressure, make a permanent image in, indent, imprint" is from early 15c. in English. Related: Impressed; impressing.

☑︎  maintain / meɪnˈteɪn / (v.) to continue to have something; to keep something at the same level vocabulary.

c. 1300, maintenen, "to support, uphold, aid;" also "hold fast, keep in possession, preserve from capture or loss," from Anglo-French meintenir (Old French maintenir, 12c.) "keep (a wife), sustain; persevere in, practice continually," from Latin manu tenere "hold in the hand," from manu, ablative of manus "hand" (from PIE root *man- (2) "hand") + tenere "to hold" (from PIE root *ten- "to stretch").

Sense of "hold in an existing state or condition, keep in existence or continuance" is from early 14c. Meaning "to carry on, keep up" is from mid-14c.; that of "to keep oneself, support" is from late 14c. Sense of "defend in speech, uphold by argument or assertion" is from mid-14c. Meaning "practice habitually" is from c. 1400. Sense of "furnish means for the subsistence or existence of" is from c. 1400. Related: Maintained; maintaining; maintains.

☑︎  shy away from (v.phr)

Middle English shei, "easily frightened or startled," from late Old English sceoh "timid, easily startled," from Proto-Germanic *skeukh(w)az "afraid" (source also of Middle Low German schüwe, Dutch schuw, German scheu "shy;" Old High German sciuhen, German scheuchen "to scare away"). Cognates outside Germanic are uncertain, unless perhaps in Old Church Slavonic shchuti "to hunt, incite." Italian schivare "to avoid," Old French eschiver "to shun" are Germanic loan-words.

Middle English awei, from late Old English aweg, earlier on weg "on from this (that) place;" see a- (1) + way (n.).

Old English fram, preposition denoting departure or movement away in time or space, from Proto-Germanic *fra "forward, away from" (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German, Gothic fram "from, away," Old Norse fra "from," fram "forward"), from PIE *pro-mo-, suffixed form of *pro (see pro-), extended form of root *per- (1) "forward." The Germanic sense of "moving away" apparently evolved from the notion of "forward motion." It is related to Old English fram "forward; bold; strong," and fremian "promote, accomplish" (see frame (v.)).

• Some people shy away from small talk. The might not have enough confidence to start up conversations with strangers. And let's face it talking to someone you don't know is not the easiest thing to do!

from: 예제) Small Talk: A Big Deal 

☑︎  professional / prəˈfɛʃ ə nl / : (adj.) doing something as a paid job rather than as a hobby

mid-15c., profeshinalle, in reference to the profession of religious orders; see profession. By 1747 of careers, "pertaining to or appropriate to a profession or calling" (especially of the skilled or learned trades from c. 1793);  In sports and amusements, "undertaken or engaged in for money" (opposed to amateur), by 1846. Related: Professionally. 

• When you speak to customers, you should always be professional You should be polite and try to help them as quickly as you can. 
• Well, a lot of it has to do with social media. Over 90 percent of interviewers look at people's social media pages. And they don't just look at professional sites like LinkedIn. They also go to their personal pages on Facebook and read their tweets on Twitter. 

☑︎  consider / kənˈsɪd ər / : (v.) to think about something carefully, especially in order to make a decision

late 14c., consideren, "to fix the mind upon for careful examination, meditate upon," also "view attentively, scrutinize; not to be negligent of," from Old French considerer (13c.) "reflect on, consider, study," from Latin considerare "to look at closely, observe," probably literally "to observe the stars," from assimilated form of com "with, together" (see con-) + sidus (genitive sideris) "heavenly body, star, constellation" (see sidereal).

Perhaps a metaphor from navigation, or perhaps reflecting Roman obsession with divination by astrology. Compare desire (v.), from  Latin desiderare "long for, wish for; demand, expect," the original sense perhaps being "await what the stars will bring." 

• - (person) consider (something) A (adj) B
• You are not allowed to use your cell phone some restaurants because many people consider it rude. 
• Do you consider social media a bad thing?

☑︎  research / rɪˈsɜrtʃ, ˈri sɜrtʃ / : (n.) a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it

1570s, "act of searching closely" for a specific person or thing, from French recerche(1530s, Modern French recherche), back-formation from Old French recercher "seek out, search closely" (see research (v.)).

The meaning "diligent scientific inquiry and investigation directed to the discovery of some fact" is attested by 1630s. The general sense of "investigations into things, the habit of making close investigations" is by 1690s. The phrase research and development for "work on a large scale toward innovation" is recorded from 1923.

• A friend told me about a good company, so I did some research online. I learned that it was one of the top companies to work for here. 
• The most successful candidates do research online before the interview. They visit the company's website to find out more about the company. 

☑︎  in person : with the personal presence or action of the mentioned

• However, isn't it also true that a lot of interviews aren't even in person anymore? 
• If you are doing a video recording, don't look down or look away a lot. You want to appear focused and present. And if the interview is in person, make sure to keep eye contact the whole time. Keeping eye contact always shows that you are both honest and confident. 

☑︎  slang / slæŋ / : (n.) very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language, especially used by a particular group of people, for example, children, criminals, soldiers, etc

1756, "special vocabulary of tramps or thieves" or any set of persons of low character, later "jargon of a particular profession" (1801). The sense of "very informal language characterized by vividness and novelty" is by 1818.

• use slang : ※Caution, none '-s'
• Many teenagers use so much slang when they talk to each other that their own parents can't understand them. 
• Watch how you talk. If you talk too fast, they won't understand you. If you're too slow, they'll get bored. You should also avoid using any slang or bad words. They won't impress anybody! 

☑︎  authentic / ɔˈθɛn tɪk / : (adj.) known to be real and what somebody claims it is and not a copy

mid-14c., autentik, "authoritative, duly authorized" (a sense now obsolete), from Old French autentique "authentic; canonical" (13c., Modern French authentique) and directly from Medieval Latin authenticus, from Greek authentikos "original, genuine, principal," from authentes "one acting on one's own authority," from autos "self" (see auto-) + hentes "doer, being" (from PIE root *sene- (2) "to accomplish, achieve"). The sense of "real, entitled to acceptance as factual" is recorded from mid-14c.

Traditionally in modern use, authentic implies that the contents of the thing in question correspond to the facts and are not fictitious (hence "trustworthy, reliable"); while genuine implies that the reputed author is the real one and that we have it as it left the author's hand (hence "unadulterated"); but this is not always maintained: "The distinction which the 18th c. apologists attempted to establish between genuine and authentic ... does not agree well with the etymology of the latter word, and is not now recognized" [OED, 2nd ed. print, 1989].

• (be / will) look authentic
• The job interviewer didn't think that Scott was very authentic He didn't keep eye contact, and his answers didn't seem natural or honest. 
• Practice your answers off camera lots of times before you put them on camera. You can write them down so you know what to say, but don't read them when you make the video. You want to look as natural as possible, and if you read them, it won't look authentic. 

☑︎  accomplishment / əˈkɒm plɪʃ mənt / : (n.) an impressive thing that is done or achieved after a lot of work

late 14c., "completed, finished," past-participle adjective from accomplish (v.). From late 15c. as "perfect in acquirements as a result of training," from accomplish in an archaic sense "make complete by providing education in what is wanting," especially mental accomplishments and social graces.

    * 이는 [countable] 셀수있는 N(명사)이다.

• Getting a job as an accountant has been my greatest professional accomplishment It's something I dreamed about for years.
• During the interview, don't be afraid to sell yourself. Talk about your accomplishments. Employers still want people who are confident in their abilities. But also, be honest about your weaknesses. 

☑︎  weakness / ˈwik nɪs / : (n.) lack of physical strength

c. 1300, "quality of being weak," from weak + -ness. Meaning "a disadvantage, vulnerability" is from 1590s. That of "self-indulgent fondness" is from 1712; meaning "thing for which one has an indulgent fondness" is from 1822.

• My boss is a great person, but he has one weakness He almost never smiles, even when things are going well! 

☑︎  punctual / ˈpʌŋk tʃu əl / : (adj.) happening or doing something at the arranged or correct time; not late

c. 1400, "having a sharp point; producing punctures," senses now rare or obsolete, from Medieval Latin punctualis, from Latin punctus "a pricking" (from nasalized form of PIE root *peuk- "to prick").

The meaning "prompt" is recorded by 1670s, from the notion of "exact, precise, insisting on fine points," including the observation of time and the keeping of appointments (c. 1600). Related: Punctually.

• Alain is always punctual He's never late for anything. 
• Be punctual. Don't miss the deadline for your video interview, and don't arrive late to in-person interviews. No employer wants to hire someone who is not responsible enough to come to work on time. Get there 10-15 minutes early to help yourself relax. 

☑︎  responsible / rɪˈspɒn sə bəl / : (adj.) having the job or duty of doing something or taking care of somebody/something, so that you may be blamed if something goes wrong

"accountable for one's actions, answerable" to another, for an act performed or its consequences, 1640s, from obsolete French responsible (13c., Modern French responsable, as if from Latin *responsabilis), from Latin respons-, past-participle stem of respondere "respond, answer to, promise in return," from re- "back" (see re-) + spondere "to pledge" (see sponsor (n.)).

The meaning "reliable, trustworthy" is from 1690s. It retains the sense of "obligation" in the Latin verb. Related: Responsibly.

• Takeshi is very responsible He always pays his bills on time. 

From: 예제) 21st Century Job Interviews 

☑︎  be made up of :

• Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen. 

☑︎  recognize / ˈrɛk əgˌnaɪz / : (v. phr.)  to consist of or to be composed of various parts, elements, or members. It's used to describe what something is created from or what constitutes it.

early 15c., recognisen, "resume possession of land," a back-formation from recognizance, or else from Old French reconoiss-, present-participle stem of reconoistre"to know again, identify, recognize," from Latin recognoscere "acknowledge, recall to mind, know again; examine; certify," from re- "again" (see re-) + cognoscere "to get to know, recognize" (see cognizance).

• I did not recognize the taste of the cake at first. It took me a minute to realize that it tasted like blackberries.
• The human tongue is made up of a group of muscles and taste buds that work together to recognize taste. 

☑︎  system / ˈsɪs təm / : (n.) an organized set of ideas or theories or a particular way of doing something

1610s, "the whole creation, the universe," from Late Latin systema "an arrangement, system," from Greek systēma "organized whole, a whole compounded of parts," from stem of synistanai "to place together, organize, form in order," from syn- "together" (see syn-) + root of histanai "cause to stand" (from PIE root *sta- "to stand, make or be firm"). The notion is "a combination or assemblage of parts or things forming or adjusted as a regular and connected whole."

The meaning "set of correlated principles, facts, ideas, etc." is attested by 1630s. The meaning "animal body as an organized whole, sum of the vital processes in an organism" is recorded from 1680s; hence the figurative phrase get (something) out of (one's) system, attested by 1900.

• The human digestive system includes the mouth and stomach. It helps to change the food we eat into energy. I did not recognize took to realize that it tasted like blackberries. 
• The taste buds send messages to the brain as chemicals from the food enter the nose. Together, the taste buds and nose tell the brain exactly what the tongue is tasting. This complex system helps humans survive by recognizing which foods are safe and which might be dangerous. 

☑︎  typically / ˈtɪp ɪ kli / : (adv.) used to say that something usually happens in the way that you are stating

c. 1600, "symbolic, emblematic," from Medieval Latin typicalis "symbolic," from Late Latin typicus "of or pertaining to a type," from Greek typikos, from typos "impression" (see type (n.)). The sense of "characteristic" is attested by 1850. Related: Typically.

• People who eat healthy foods and exercise typically have fewer health problems than people who don't. 
• Although all humans have taste buds, we do not all have the same number of them. Medium tasters typically have 10,000 taste buds. These "average tasters" make up about 50 percent of the world population. 

☑︎  likely / ˈlaɪk li / : more likely to [do something]

(adj.) having a good chance of happening or being something; probable or expected

c. 1300, "having the appearance of truth or fact," perhaps from Old Norse likligr "likely," from likr "like" (see like (adj.)). Old English had cognate geliclic. Meaning "having the appearance of being strong and capable" is from mid-15c., though now mostly confined to American English; according to OED this sense is perhaps influenced by like (v.). Sense of "good-looking" ("such as may be liked") is from late 15c. Meaning "probable" is attested from late 14c., but said by OED to be now principally in American English. As an adverb, late 14c., from the adjective.

• People who don't eat well are likely of getting sick. 
• Super-tasters have four to six times as many taste buds as nontasters and twice as many as medium tasters . Research shows that super-tasters are more likely to be women and from Asia, Africa, and South America. 

☑︎  sensitive / ˈsɛn sɪ tɪv / : sensitive TO [something NOUN]
(adj.) aware of and able to understand other people and their feelings

late 14c., sensitif, in reference to the body or its parts, "capable of receiving impressions from external objects, having the function of sensation;" also (c. 1400) in scholastic philosophy, "of or pertaining to the faculty of the soul that receives and analyzes sensory information;" from Old French sensitif "capable of feeling" (13c.) and directly from Medieval Latin sensitivus "capable of sensation," from Latin sensus, past participle of sentire "feel, perceive" (see sense (n.)). Also in early Modern English sencitive.

By 1520s as "of, connected with, or affecting the senses." With reference to persons or mental feelings, "keenly susceptible to external influences," especially "easily touched by emotion, readily wounded by unkindness" (but also "ready to take offense"), by 1816.

• Abdullah's teeth are very sensitive to cold, so he usually drinks water at room temperature. 
• Super-tasters think that a lot of foods are too strong. In addition to having more taste buds, supertasters are born with a gene that makes them sensitive to bitter foods. Consequently, they dislike broccoli, cauliflower, grapefruit, and even coffee. With more taste buds, they can more easily feel fatty foods in their mouths. As a result, they stay away from high-fat food items like French fries and sweets. They are also very sensitive to pain on the tongue, so they avoid spicy food. 

☑︎  balanced / ˈbæl ənst / : (adj.) keeping or showing a balance so that different things or different parts of something exist in equal or correct amounts

1590s, "in equilibrium," past-participle adjective from balance (v.). In reference to meal, diet, etc., by 1908.

• Most health experts agree that a balanced diet should include different types of foods, such as meat, fruits, vegetables, bread, and cheese. 

☑︎  at risk /æt; unstressed ət, ɪt / / rɪsk / : (prep. phr.) in danger of something unpleasant or harmful happening

PUT At risk FOR [something {BAD}]

• People who don't eat well are more at risk to get sick than people with healthy diets. 

☑︎  diabetes / ˌdaɪ əˈbi tɪs, -tiz / : a serious disease in which a person's body cannot control the level of sugar in the body

medical name of a set of affections characterized by abnormal discharge of urine, 1560s, from medical Latin diabetes, from late Greek diabetes "excessive discharge of urine" (so named by Aretaeus the Cappadocian, physician of Alexandria, 2c.), literally "a passer-through, siphon," from diabainein "to pass through," from dia "through" (see dia-) + bainein "to go, walk, step" (from PIE root *gwa- "to go, come").

• As a rule, humans avoid foods that taste bad and eat foods that give them pleasure. Since super-tasters avoid bitter fruits and vegetables, their diets are sometimes not balanced, which could put them more at risk for certain types of cancers. However, they also dislike fatty and sweet foods, so they tend to be thinner and at lower risk for heart disease and diabetes. 

☑︎  identify / aɪˈdɛn təˌfaɪ, ɪˈdɛn- / : (v.) to recognize somebody/something and be able to say who or what they are

identify [which/when/why/who/whether...] [something]

1640s, "regard as the same," from French identifier, from identité (see identity). Sense of "determine the identity of, recognize as or prove to be the same" first recorded 1769. Meaning "make one (with), associate (oneself), regard oneself as being the essence of" is from 1780. Sense of "serve as means of identification" is attested by 1886. Related: Identified; identifying.

• The police used a photograph to identify the man who stole
• If you can identify which kind of taster you are, you will be able to make more educated choices about your diet. This simple test can show whether you are a nontaster, medium taster, or supertaster. 

From: 예제) Knowing Your Tastes 

[Related Resources] :

[1] Q Skills for Success 4 - Exercise Chapter 3
[2] Oxford 3000 <https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com>
[3] Dictionary.com, <https://www.dictionary.com/>
[4] Naver dictionary <https://dict.naver.com>

[5] Online etymology dictionary <https://www.etymonline.com>